Taxa, sources formations and age used in analysis

Original source: King B., Qiao T., Lee M.S.Y., Zhu M., Long J.A. 2017. Bayesian morphological clock methods resurrect placoderm monophyly and reveal rapid early evolution in jawed vertebrates. Systematic Biology. 66:499–516.

Taxon	Source(s)	Formation	Age for analysis
Ateleaspis tessellata	(Ritchie 1967)	Slot Burn Formation	432
Hemicyclaspis murchisoni	(Stensiö 1932)	Ludlow, Shropshire. Downtownian (Pridoli)	421
Zenaspis salweyi	(Stensiö 1932)	Lower old red sandstone. Skirrid Fawr, Senni/St Maughans formation	412
Cephalaspis lyelli	(Stensiö 1932, White 1958)	Lower old red sandstone, Glammis	412
Benneviaspis holtedahli	(Janvier 1985a)	Ben Nevis formation, Red bay group.	413
Boreaspis macrorhynchus	(Janvier 1985a)	Wood bay formation	411
Norselaspis glacialis	(Janvier 1981)	Wood bay formation	411
Nectaspis areolata	(Wängsjö 1952, Janvier 1981)	Wood bay formation	411
Procephalaspis oeselensis	(Robertson 1939, Denison 1951, Janvier 1985b)	Saaremaa, Estonia. Wenlockian and Ludlowian	427
Tremataspis mammillata	(Robertson 1938a, Robertson 1938b, Denison 1947, Denison 1951, Janvier 1985b)	Saaremaa	427
Waengsjoeaspis excellens	(Wängsjö 1952, Janvier 1985a)	Fraenkelryggen formation	416
Escuminaspis laticeps	(Janvier et al. 2004)	Escuminac formation	380
Eugaleaspis changi	(Liu 1965, Zhu and Gai 2007)	Xitun formation, Liaojaoshan	412
Hanyangaspis guodingshanensis	(Zhu and Gai 2007)	Guodingshan formation. Telychian	436
Polybranchiaspis liaojiaoshanensis	(Liu 1965, Liu 1975)	Xishancun and Xitun formations	415
Bannhuanaspis vukhuci	(Janvier et al. 1993)	Bac Bun formation	411
Wenshanaspis zhichangensis	(Zhao et al. 2001)	Posongchong formation, Wenshan. Pragian	409
Shuyu zhejiangensis	(Gai et al. 2011)	Maoshan formation. Late Telychian to early Wenlock	433
Polybranchiaspid sp. (histological samples)	(Wang et al. 2005)	Xishancun and Xitun formations	415
Yunnanolepis sp. (various taxa from same formations)	(Zhang 1980, Zhu 1996)	Xishancun and Xitun formations	415
Parayunnanolepis xitunensis	(Zhang et al. 2001, Zhu et al. 2012)	Xitun formation	412
Microbrachius dicki	(Hemmings 1978, Long et al. 2015)	Eday flagstone and John O’Groats sandstone. Lower- Middle Givetian	386
Bothriolepis sp.	(Young 1984) MVP230985	Gogo formation	383
Bothriolepis canadensis	(Downs and Donoghue 2009, Béchard et al. 2014)	Escuminac formation	380
Pterichthyodes milleri	(Hemmings 1978)	Achanarras horizon, under upper Stromness flagst. Late Eifelian	389
Remigolepis walkeri	(Johanson 1997)	Canowindra. Famennian	366
Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis	(Zhu 1991)	Xishancun formation	417
Quasipetalichthys haikouensis	(Liu 1991)	Kunming; Shixiagou formation, Ninxia. Givetian	385
Eurycaraspis incilis	(Liu 1991)	Haikou formation. Givetian	385
Lunaspis broili	(Gross 1961)	Hunsrueck slate. Late Pragian to early Emsian	408
Macropetalichthys rapheidolabis. (including Macropetalichthys sp. specimens used in 1963 and 1969)	(Stensiö 1925, Stensiö 1963b, Stensiö 1969)	Onondaga limestone. Eifelian	390
Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri	(Ritchie 1973, Miles and Young 1977). AMF53610, AMF53631, AMF53591,	Mulga Downs group. Emsian-Eifelian	393
Groenlandaspis sp.	MVP48873(AMF59808) , AMF59814, MVP48877/8 (AMF59811/2), AMF62534A, AMF59809	Mt. Howitt	385
Cowralepis mclachlani	(Ritchie 2005, Carr et al. 2009)	Merriganowry shale. Late Givetian to early Frasnian	383
Gavinaspis convergens	(Dupret et al. 2009)	Xitun formation.	412
Sigaspis lepidophora	(Goujet 1973)	Wood bay formation (extreme base)	412
Kujdanowiaspis podolica	(Stensiö 1963a, Dupret 2010)	Dnister series, Podolia. Upper Lockhovian- lower Pragian	411
Dicksonosteus arcticus	(Goujet 1975, Goujet 1984)	Wood bay formation	411
Buchanosteus confertituberculatus	(Burrow and Turner 1998, Long et al. 2014)	Buchan. Mid-late Pragian	408
Parabuchanosteus murrumbidgeensis	(White and Toombs 1972, Young 1979, Burrow and Turner 1998)	Taemas-Wee Jasper	401
Holonema westolli	(Miles 1971)	Gogo formation	383
Coccosteus cuspidatus	(Miles and Westoll 1968)	Achanarras and Edderton fish bed. Eifelian-Givetain boundary	388
Incisoscutum ritchiei	(Dennis and Miles 1981, Giles et al. 2013)	Gogo formation	383
Eastmanosteus calliaspis	(Dennis-Bryan 1987)	Gogo formation	383
Compagopiscis croucheri	(Gardiner and Miles 1994)	Gogo formation	383
Materpiscis attenboroughi	(Long et al. 2008, Trinajstic et al. 2012)	Gogo formation	383
Austroptyctodus gardineri	(Long 1997a)	Gogo Formation	383
Campbellodus decipiens	(Long 1997a)	Gogo formation	383
Rhamphodopsis threiplandi	(Miles 1967, Long 1997b)	Edderton fish beds. Eifelian-Givetian boundary	388
Brindabellaspis stensioi	(Young 1980). ANUV3247	Taemas-Wee Jasper	401
Kolymaspis sibirica	TsNIGR 7656	Vechernyaya Formation	400
Romundina stellina	(Ørvig 1975, Dupret et al. 2014)	Lockhovian. Prince of Wales island.	415
Jagorina pandora	(Stensiö 1969, Young 1986)	Kellwasserkalk, Bad Wildungen. Late Frasnian	375
Gemuendina stuertzi	(Gross 1963)	Hunsrueck slate	408
Minjinia turgenensis	(Brazeau et al. 2020)	Tsagaansalaa Formation (Baastuul Formation)	410
Entelognathus primordialis	(Zhu et al. 2013)	Kuanti formation	424
Janusiscus schultzei	(Giles et al. 2015b)	Lower member, Kureika formation. Middle Lockhovian.	415
Ramirosuarezia boliviana	(Pradel et al. 2009)	Icla formation. Early Eifelian	392
Acanthodes bronni	(Gross 1935, Watson 1937, Miles 1973b, Miles 1973a, Coates 1994, Davis et al. 2012, Brazeau and de Winter 2015)	Lebach ironstone. Early Permian	298
Brachyacanthus scutiger	(Watson 1937)	Lower old red sandstone, Farnell. Lockhovian	415
Brochoadmones milesi	(Hanke and Wilson 2006)	MOTH	415
Cassidiceps vermiculatus	(Gagnier and Wilson 1996)	MOTH	415
Cheiracanthus latus/murchisoni	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a)	Middle old red sandstone, Moray firth. Nodular fish beds, Eifelian-Givetian	388
Climatius reticulatus	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a)	‘Turin hill’	415
Culmacanthus stewarti	(Long 1983)	Mt Howitt	385
Euthacanthus macnicoli	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a, Newman et al. 2014)	‘Turin hill’	415
Gladiobranchus probation	(Hanke and Davis 2008)	MOTH	415
Homalacanthus concinnus	(Gagnier 1996)	Escuminac formation	380
Ischnacanthus gracilis	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a)	‘Turin hill’	415
Kathemacanthus rosulentus	(Gagnier and Wilson 1996, Hanke and Wilson 2010)	MOTH	415
Latviacanthus ventspilensis	(Schultze and Zidek 1982)	Ventspils. Kemeri stage	404
Lupopsyrus pygmaeus	(Hanke and Davis 2012)	MOTH	415
Mesacanthus mitchelli	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a)	‘Turin hill’ and Farnell	415
Obtusacanthus corroconis	(Hanke and Wilson 2004)	MOTH	415
Parexus recurvus	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a, Burrow et al. 2013)	‘Turin hill’	415
Poracanthodes menneri	(Valiukevicius 1992)	Severnaya Zemlya formation. Lower Lockhovian.	417
Promesacanthus eppleri	(Hanke 2008)	MOTH	415
Ptomacanthus anglicus	(Miles 1973a, Brazeau 2012)	Wayne Herbert quarry, Lockhovian	415
Diplacanthus striatus	(Watson 1937, Miles 1973a)	Moray firth and Achanarras. Eifelian- Givetian boundary	388
Tetanopsyrus lindoei/breviacanthus	(Gagnier et al. 1999, Hanke et al. 2001)	MOTH	415
Dobunnacanthus waynensis	(Miles 1973a, Dearden et al. 2021)	Wayne Herbert quarry	415
Cladodoides wildungensis	(Maisey 2005)	Wildungen limestone, Upper Frasnian	375
Akmonistion zangerli	(Coates and Sequeira 1998, Coates et al. 1998, Coates and Sequeira 2001)	Manse Burn formation, Bearsden. Serpukhovian	327
“Cobelodus”	(Maisey 2007)	Fayetteville formation. Chesterian	325
Cladoselache kepleri/fyerli	(Harris 1938, Bendix- Almgreen 1975, Schaeffer 1981, Maisey 2007)	Cleveland member of Ohio Shale. Late Famennian	360
Chondrenchelys problematica	(Moy-Thomas 1935, Finarelli and Coates 2011, Finarelli and Coates 2014)	Glencartholm, Scotland. Visean (Holkerian)	338
Helodus simplex	(Moy-Thomas 1936)	Fenton, Staffordshire. Moscovian	311
Debeerius ellefseni	(Grogan and Lund 2000)	Bear Gulch limestone. Upper Chesterian	320
Doliodus problematicus	(Miller et al. 2003, Maisey et al. 2009)	‘Atholville beds’, Campbellton formation. Emsian or Emsian-Eifelian	395
Hamiltonichthys mapesi	(Maisey 1989)	Hartford limetone, Hamilton quarry. Middle Virgilian	302
Onychoselache traquari	(Dick and Maisey 1980, Coates and Gess 2007)	Glencartholm volcanic beds and Wardie shales. Holkerian- Asbian	336
Orthacanthus sp.	(Schaeffer 1981)	Admiral formation. Wolfcampian	290
Pucapampella rodrigae/sp.	(Maisey 2001)	Sica sica formation, Bolivia. Eifelian- Givetian	388
Tamiobatis vetustus	(Schaeffer 1981, Williams 1998)	Cleveland shale (Famennian) and Salem limestone (Early Visean)	360
Tristychius arcuatus	(Dick 1978, Coates and Gess 2007)	Wardie shales and Manse burn formation, Bearsden	336
Dialipina salgueiroensis	(Schultze 1968, Schultze and Cumbaa 2001)	Bear Rock formation. Emsian	401
Ligulalepis toombsi	(Schultze 1968, Burrow 1994, Basden et al. 2000, Basden and Young 2001)	Taemas-Wee Jasper	401
Cheirolepis canadensis	(Pearson and Westoll 1979, Arratia and Cloutier 1996)	Escuminac formation	380
Cheirolepis trailli	(Pearson and Westoll 1979, Giles et al. 2015a)	Achanarras limestone, Tynet burn and Gamrie. Late Eifelian	388
Howqualepis rostridens	(Long 1988)	Mt. Howitt	385
Mimipiscis toombsi	(Gardiner and Bartram 1977, Gardiner 1984, Giles and Friedman 2014)	Gogo formation	383
Moythomasia durgaringa	(Gardiner 1984)	Gogo formation	383
Kentuckia deani	(Rayner 1952, Giles and Friedman 2014)	New Providence Shale member, Stockdale formation. Latest Tournasian or earliest Visean	347
Osorioichthys marginis	(Taverne 1997)	Femenne formation. Early Femennian	367
Meemannia eos	(Zhu et al. 2006, Zhu et al. 2010)	Xitun formation	412
Guiyu oneiros	(Zhu et al. 2009, Qiao and Zhu 2010)	Kuanti formation	424
Psarolepis romeri	(Yu 1998, Zhu et al. 1999, Zhu and Yu 2004, Zhu and Yu 2009)	Xishancun, Xitun and Yulongsi formations. Also Silurian. Most material used to score characters is from Xishancun formation.	416
Achoania jarvikii	(Zhu et al. 2001, Zhu and Yu 2004, Zhu and Yu 2009)	Xitun formation	412
Onychodus jandemarrai	(Andrews et al. 2005)	Gogo formation, Saddler formation	383
Miguashaia bureaui	(Cloutier 1996, Forey 1998)	Escuminac formation	380
Styloichthys changae	(Zhu and Yu 2002, Friedman 2007)	Xitun formation	412
Diabolepis speratus	(Chang and Yu 1984, Chang 1995)	Xitun formation	412
Youngolepis praecursor	(Zhang and Yu 1981, Zhang 1982, Chang 1991)	Xitun formation	412
Powichthys thorsteinssoni	(Jessen 1980)	Late lockhovian or early Pragian. Prince of Wales island	411
Porolepis sp. (includes elongata, brevis and spitzbergensis)	(Jarvik 1972, Clement 2004)	Wood bay formation	411
Glyptolepis groenlandica	(Jarvik 1972, Ahlberg 1989)	Red siltstone member of the Nathorst Fjord group. Late Eifelian- Early Givetian	388
Kenichthys campbelli	(Chang and Zhu 1993, Zhu and Ahlberg 2004)	Chuangdong formation. Late Emsian	396
Osteolepis macrolepidotus	(Westoll 1936, Thomson 1965, Jarvik 1980)	Tynet burn. Late Eifelian	388
Gogonasus andrewsi	(Long 1985, Long et al. 1997, Long et al. 2006, Holland 2013, Holland 2014)	Gogo formation	383
Eusthenopteron foordi	(Jarvik 1980)	Escuminac formation	380

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